Seed Instructions

• When to plant - Planting in late summer for fall harvest, or very early spring for spring harvest
• Root vegetables typically do NOT transplant well, so it is recommended to start them in place to avoid root damage.
• Work your soil VERY well - remove all clumps and rocks to ensure proper vegetable development.
• Spread your seeds, usually placing them no closer than 6-12” apart, and plant them 1/4-1/2” deep.
• Once the plants are about 2-4” tall, thin your plants to 12” apart - cut the leaves off at the soil, rather than pulling the plant, so as not to disturb neighboring roots! If you’re only growing them for greens, there is no need to thin them! Once they are thinned, add mulch to help insulate the roots.
• Use a fertilizer that is higher in potassium to help regenerate the soil - root vegetables don’t need a lot of fertilizer, but they can feed on soil nutrients fairly heavily during development.
• Even-watering is crucial for proper root development. Your vegetables will need 1” of water each week, and will do better with more alkaline soil.
• Vegetable greens are edible, and can be harvest when they are large enough to use - only harvest a few leaves from the plant to allow it to continue root development.
• Once your root is large enough to use, you can harvest it. Just check the top edge of the bulbous root for its approximate size. To harvest, you can usually just pull it straight up and out of the soil, but some prefer to gently dig up the roots - make sure not to damage them if using tools as they will go bad more quickly.
• If your root vegetables get too large, they can be tough, younger vegetables tend to be sweeter. Be sure to harvest everything before the first frost, as this can damage the roots.
• Also, do not allow your plants to bolt (go to seed) as this will make the vegetables taste bitter - this isn’t often an issue in the fall, but can be in the spring if the weather gets warm quickly.
• If storing your vegetables, keep them in a cool place and DO NOT wash them until ready to use.
• A note about Daikon Radishes - These radishes can grow to be quite large - so they make a great aerator for your soil. If using your Daikon in this way, you can scatter it pretty much anywhere, and let the plant go through its full cycle (go to seed), as this will produce the largest vegetable. Once the plant has reached this point, it can be pulled and tossed in the compost.

• Tiny seeds, almost as fine as dust can be difficult to handle. Sometimes, in fact, the packet seems to contain nothing except a trace of dust-sized particles.
1. Use a small pan or pot for sowing, about 4 or 5 inches is adequate.
2. Fill the pan or pot to overflowing with the seed compost, then firm it first with your fingers, then with a wooden presser (if you have one).
3. Pour a bit of fine sand into the seed packet and shake to mix sand and seed. If you do not have sand, you can use a fingertip to swirl and pick up the tiny seeds, or tap bag gently over pot.
4. Sow the seed direct from the packet, tapping it slowly to release the sand-seed mixture evenly over the compost.
5. Do not cover the seed with compost, simply press them into the surface with a wooden presser or your finger.
6. Water the compost from underneath by standing the tray or pot in a bowl of tepid water.
7. Cover with a piece of glass, cling film or seal inside a polythene bag to keep the compost moist and the atmosphere slightly humid.
• Remember that very fine seeds have a lower germination rate than normal-sized ones and the correct temperature for germination is very important.
• Sowing: Sow indoors at any time of year. Fill small pots or trays with a light and well-aerated compost. Do not firm the mixture down too much. Stand the pots in water, moisten thoroughly and drain. You can stand the containers on a tray of damp sand, so that they do not dry out. Scatter the seed onto the top of the compost. Do not cover seed as they require light for germination, but avoid direct sunlight by shading the seeds after sowing.
• If possible, germinate in a propagator otherwise, secure a polythene bag around the pot or cover the container with glass and place in a warm shaded place. Care should be taken to prevent the pots drying out from below. The majority of seeds germinate best at a temperatures of 68 to 72°F. Germination will usually take 30 to 180 days, patience is required, don't throw away the tray too soon.
• Once germination has taken place, remove the glass or plastic and move into a good light. Be careful to keep the top of the compost damp. As soon as the first seeds have germinated, remove the plastic or raise the lid slightly to permit some circulation of air. From now on, the tiny seedlings need to be in a good light, but must be protected from direct sun. Shading from all but winter sun is desirable for the first 12 months.
• Cultivation: Growth is slow, 6 to 8 weeks after sowing, transplant to single small pots (2-3in). Keep the temperature 64 to 77°F during daytime and 59 to 65°F during night. Cooler temperatures at night are better for the foliage pigmentation. Temperatures below 59°F will result in leaf deformation. After 12 to 14 months, transplant into a bigger pot. Avoid over-head irrigation, because wet leaf rosettes rot rapidly. Moderate fertilization levels are required during the spring and summer, but don't fertilize after mid-September.

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• Tomatoes are easy to grow, and should be started indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost
• Once there is no more danger of frost, you should have fairly large seedlings to transplant to containers or your garden
• Tomatoes need temperatures between 55 and 85 to properly set fruit
• Mulching helps to maintain moisture and soil temperature
• If you grow your plants in containers, be sure to add nutrients to your soil every few weeks, or you’ll end up with small fruits (or blossom-end rot)
• For Determinate Tomatoes: These are great for a container, or use a tomato cage to offer support to your growing tomatoes
• For Indeterminate Tomatoes: These are vining tomatoes and need some room to spread out
• Water your plants in moderation! Too much water, and they crack or develop blossom-end rot, while too little water will cause the fruit to sag and possibly fall off the plant
• Tomatoes and peppers can be planted close together, but they are the same family, so diseases and pests can affect them both
• Watch for Tomato Horn Worms (or related caterpillars) which can strip your tomato plants in days and are practically invisible!

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• Follow the same instructions as Tomatoes

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• Marigolds are great companion plants that will protect your garden from many pests. Utilize them around your potato plants as they provide benefit both to the top of the plant AS WELL as the roots and tubers below!
• Marigolds need lots of sunshine
• Though they grow in almost any soil, marigolds thrive in moderately fertile, well-drained soil
• Sow them directly into the garden once the soil is warm, or start seeds indoors about a month to 6 weeks before the last spring-frost date
• The seeds germinate easily, but watch out for damping off if you start them inside
• Separate seedlings when they are about 2 inches tall. Plant them in flats of loose soil, or transplant them into the garden
• Space tall marigolds 2 to 3 feet apart; lower-growing ones about a foot apart
• If planting in containers, use a soil-based potting mix
• Germination from large, easily handled seeds is rapid, and blooms should appear within a few weeks of sowing
• If the spent blossoms are deadheaded, the plants will continue to bloom profusely
• When you water marigolds, allow the soil to dry somewhat between watering, then water well, then repeat the process
• Do not water marigolds from overhead. Water at the base of the plant
• Do not fertilize marigolds. Too rich a diet stimulates lush foliage at the expense of flowers. Marigolds bloom better and more profusely in poor soil
• The densely double flower heads of the African marigolds tend to rot in wet weather
• Marigolds will grow quickly, so thin as needed. If handled carefully, they can be transplanted elsewhere and will bloom through the summer

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• Plant seeds in moist, well-drained soil about ¼-in deep and 12–18 in apart after the danger of frost has passed. If you still have 4-6 weeks before your frosts are done, you can start them indoors. Move them to larger pots when they are 3-4 inches tall.
• Cosmos like soil that is not too rich, as rich soil will encourage foliage at the expense of bloom.
• They can tolerate warm, dry weather.
• Depending on the type of flower (you're getting a variety), cosmos can grow anywhere between 18–60 in tall.
• When growing cosmos from seeds, it takes about 7 weeks to first bloom. After that, your flowers should continue to bloom until the next frost.
• If you let the seed heads blow away during the fall, cosmos might sow themselves throughout your garden.

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• Make sure your soil is free of stones; carrots need deeply tilled soil that they can push through.
• Plant seeds using seed strips or individually. If planting individually, plant seeds about 2 inches apart, with about a foot between rows.
• Gently mulch to retain moisture, speed germination and block the sun from the roots.
• Soil should be well drained and loose to prevent forking and stunting of the root growth.
• Once plants are an inch tall, thin so they stand 3 inches apart. Snip them with scissors instead of pulling them out to prevent damage to the roots of remaining plants.
• Water at least one inch per week.
• Fertilize 5-6 weeks after sowing. Manure can cause carrots to fork and send out little side roots. Don’t use it before you plant your seeds.
• For the Fall: Carrots taste much better after a couple of frosts. Following the first hard frost in the fall, cover carrot rows with an 18-inch layer of shredded leaves to preserve them for harvesting later.
• 2 varieties available: Rainbow and Parisian

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• Sunflowers are fairly easy to grow, as long as they get sunshine, water, and occasional fertilizer. They are not usually bothered by pests (except for birds eating freshly planted seeds
• IMPORTANT: Sunflowers leach a chemical into the soil that will prevent some plants from growing near them. Keep them in a separate area of the garden and rotate your sunflower location to prevent chemical buildup
• Sunflowers need to be planted somewhere that gets about 6 hours of sun each day
• Mammoth variety can get up to 10 feet tall - these will need support of some kind, dwarf varieties are usually about 2 feet tall
• 2 varieties available: Mammoth Grey-striped and Sunspot Dwarf

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• If you are experiencing freezing temperatures, start your seeds indoors in a tray
• Use compost or soil additives to feed squash - this will help to avoid blossom-end rot
• Most summer squash varieties tend not to spread, but it's best to plant seeds about 1" deep and 2-3 feet apart
• Water consistently - soil should be moist about 4" down
• Squash vines are usually hollow to allow water to travel freely - this makes them especially susceptible to Squash Vine Borers (see our blog for more details)
• Squash have 2 flower types, male, which appear first and look like a normal flower, and female, which have a bulb/baby squash starte. If your squash still has a flower on the end, it is not ready for harvest and can still suffer blossom-end rot
• Harvest squash when they are large enough for your use (when squash gets too large, it can be tough/woody and the seeds will need to be removed when cooking)

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• Eggplant is a variety of nightshade (related to Tomatoes and Peppers) - keep away from other nightshade plants, potatoes, and corn, rotate crop placement each season
• Eggplant germinates best at temperatures above 75 degrees F
• Use a heat pad to help germination
• Plant only 1/4-1/2" deep and 1-2 seeds per cell in a seed starter. If directly planting in the garden, plant at least 18" apart
• Eggplants will flower throughout the summer (unlike tomatoes)
• Plant in partial shade if temperatures regularly reach 100F
• Eggplants are heavy feeders, and need consistent watering
• Add fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), to add magnesium, use Epsom salt
• If planting in containers, be sure to fertilize every few weeks
• To harvest, cut the eggplant just above the cap. Long Purple Eggplants should be harvested between 8-10" long. Black Beauty should be 4-6", but can be up to 8"
• Harvest eggplants when they are glossy and have no brown streaks. If the eggplant turns dull, it is overripe
• Companion plants: bush beans or southern peas
• Common pests: flea beetles, aphids, spider mites, and hornworms

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• Nasturtium is an odd duck plant. It does better in bad soil
• If you fertilize or have good soil, your Nasturtium will not produce as many flowers
• Plant in an area that gets plenty of sun
• Plant 1/2" deep and 10-12 inches apart
• Nasturtiums can spread out as they grow
• Nasturtiums take 10-12 days to germinate - to speed up this process, scratch the out covering of the seed (scarification) and soak the seeds in warm water overnight
• Water consistently and ensure the soil does not fully dry out
• If planting in containers, you may need to trim them back a few times over the season
• Common pests: flea beetles, aphids, slugs, and caterpillars
• Special note: Nasturtium flowers are edible!

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• Plant okra in fertile, well-drained soil in full sun about ½ to 1 inch deep and 12 to 18 inches apart
• You can soak the seeds overnight in tepid water to help speed up germination
• Okra plants get tall, space out the rows 3 - 4 feet apart (by the end of the season they can be well over 7 feet!)
• Add mulch to reduce nearby weeds
• Use a balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 NPK
• Thin plants when they are 3" tall to 10 to 18 inches apart
• Keep well watered throughout the summer months 1"/week, use more if you are in a hot, arid region
• Okra are usually ready to harvest in 50-60 days
• After the first harvest, remove the lower leaves to help speed up production
• Harvest okra when small (2-3" long), and the tip is flexible, these are the best for eating/pickling/canning
• Cut the stem just above the cap with a knife or shears
• If your okra get too large, is too hard to cut, or the tip has become rigid, leave these to develop seeds for next year
• Wear gloves/long sleeves when cutting the Burgundy okra, the tiny spines can irritate your skin
• To store okra, put the uncut and uncooked pods into ziploc bags to freeze, or can/pickle them.

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Sage Flowers

• Plant Sage seeds outdoors after frost danger has passed and prepare soil by weeding it and loosening it
• Lightly rake seeds into the soil and keep the seeds and young seedlings moist until well-established
• If you want to save your seeds for spring, start these seeds indoors 10 weeks before last frost. Sow in starter trays, press the seed
  into the soil and barely cover. Sage needs light to germinate. When the frost season has passed, transplant the seedlings
  into the garden 12 - 18 inches apart in a sunny location
• Give them plenty of water in dry weather
• Seeds will fall into the soil and germinate continuously all year except during freezing temperatures
• Great for attracting butterflies and hummingbirds!

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Sage Herb

• If growing indoors, start anytime. Do not move outside until there is no danger of frost
• Plant in loose/well-drained soil
• Water regularly, to ensure the plants do not dry out
• Plants can grow up 30" (outdoors)
• If planting outside, keep away from cucumbers
• Harvest sparingly during the first year until the plant is established
• Prune any heavier/thicker stems in spring
• Use sage fresh or dried (fresh is best!)

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• You can soak the seeds in water for 15 minutes to help speed up germination
• Start your seeds as soon as possible, or if waiting til spring, be sure that the soil is at least 50°F
• Swiss Chard needs loose, well-draining soil with full sun to partial shade (they like shade)
• Keep your Swiss Chard well spaced (they can get quite large, but need a minimum of 6-12")
• If you're expecting early frosts, use a hoop house or row covers to protect your plants and extend your season
• Swiss Chard can be harvested when it is 9-12" tall, but can grow up to 2 feet
• Plant near tomatoes, cabbage and brassicas, alliums, beans, radish, lettuce, mint, and celery
• AVOID planting near most herbs, potatoes, corn, cucumbers, and melons
• Swiss Chard is a perfect plant for containers and can be grown indoors for a year-round supply (just give extra water)
• Swiss Chard is super hardy - it tolerates summer heat, poor soil, neglect, and light frosts (not frozen ground)
• When harvesting, remove no more than half the stems and leaves, use fresh or cooked
• If the plant bolts (goes to seed), the leaves will taste bitter

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• Plant in an area of your garden that will get at least 6 hours of sun each day
• If your area has cold winters, plant in the fall so that the seeds can chill, in warmer areas,
  put your seeds in the fridge about 3 weeks before planting in early spring
• Coneflowers are fairly drought resistant and thrive in dry summers, so avoid overwatering
• Coneflowers don't need a lot of fertilizer, but if your flowers are small, work in some compost to the roots
• Cut back coneflowers to rejuvenate them and grow new blooms until the first frost
• Coneflowers reseed themselves year after year and are great pollinator attractors

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• Prepare the soil with aged manure or Blood Meal about a week before planting - if you live in an area with mild winters, fall is the best time for planting. Spinach is hardy so it can last through some frosts, but if your area gets very hard frosts early, it may be better to wait until spring
• It is better to start spinach wherever you will grow it (transplants are hard on leafy vegetables)
• Spring plantings can be made as soon as the soil can be properly worked. It’s important to seed as soon as you can to give spinach the required 6 weeks of cool weather from seeding to harvest. As the weather warms, spinach can start to become bitter
• Select a site with full sun to light shade and well-drained soil.
• Sow seeds ½ inch to 1 inch deep, covering lightly with soil. Sow about 12 seeds per foot of row, or sprinkle over a wide row or bed
• Soil should not be warmer than 70º F in order for germination. For fall planting in warmer areas, you can still put your spinach in the ground now, but you may not see any germination for another few weeks
• In northern climates, you can harvest early-spring spinach if you protect the plants with thick mulch or a fleece cover through the winter, then remove the protection when soil temperature in your area reaches 40º
• When seedlings sprout to about two inches, thin them to 3-4 inches apart - Beyond thinning, no cultivation is necessary. Roots are shallow and easily damaged
• Keep soil moist with mulch and water regularly
• Spinach can tolerate the cold; it can survive a frost and temps down to 15ºF
• Fertilizer is mostly unnecessary for spinach, unless it is growing slowly
• Watch for Leaf Miners (they make squiggly trails all over the leaves) - Radishes attract leaf miners away from spinach. The damage that the leaf miners do to radish leaves doesn’t prevent the radishes from growing underground
• Harvest when leaves reach your desired size - Don’t wait too long to harvest, or wait for larger leaves; bitterness will set in quickly after maturity
• The whole plant can be harvested at once, and cut at the base, or leaves may be picked off plants one layer at a time, giving inner layers more time to develop

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• In warmer areas, plant Tatsoi Mustard for another leafy green to add to your salad. They should be planted by the end of October at the latest. For cooler climates, save your seeds for next spring and sow them as soon as the soil is workable
• Prep the planting site by tilling down 6-12 inches to loosen any compacted soil
• Incorporate 2-4 inches of compost or manure prior to seeding or add a balanced organic fertilizer
• In spring: Sow tatsoi seeds directly into the garden two to three weeks prior to the last expected frost. If frosts are expected to go longer, this can cause the plants to bolt. Start seeds inside six weeks before the last frost and then transplant the young seedlings no earlier than three weeks before the last frost
• In fall: Sow tatsoi directly in a sunny, well draining area. Tatsoi does very well next to other leafy greens, like spinach and lettuce
• Thin young plants to at least 6 inches apart when they are about 2-4 inches tall
• Water your tatsoi with 1 inch of water each week
• Laying a 2- to 3-inch layer of hardwood mulch will aid in water retention and regulate soil temperatures
• Tatsoi can be harvested as early as three weeks from planting for baby greens, or wait the full seven weeks to harvest the mature outer leaves of the rosette. Leave the rest of the plant to continue growing or cut tatsoi off at soil level to harvest the entire rosette
• Watch out for flea beetles - they are less likely to cause damage in the fall due to the weather becoming colder
• 1 variety available: Tatsoi

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• In warmer areas, plant Tatsoi Mustard for another leafy green to add to your salad. They should be planted by the end of October at the latest. For cooler climates, save your seeds for next spring and sow them as soon as the soil is workable
• Prep the planting site by tilling down 6-12 inches to loosen any compacted soil
• Incorporate 2-4 inches of compost or manure prior to seeding or add a balanced organic fertilizer
• In spring: Sow tatsoi seeds directly into the garden two to three weeks prior to the last expected frost. If frosts are expected to go longer, this can cause the plants to bolt. Start seeds inside six weeks before the last frost and then transplant the young seedlings no earlier than three weeks before the last frost
• In fall: Sow tatsoi directly in a sunny, well draining area. Tatsoi does very well next to other leafy greens, like spinach and lettuce
• Thin young plants to at least 6 inches apart when they are about 2-4 inches tall
• Water your tatsoi with 1 inch of water each week
• Laying a 2- to 3-inch layer of hardwood mulch will aid in water retention and regulate soil temperatures
• Tatsoi can be harvested as early as three weeks from planting for baby greens, or wait the full seven weeks to harvest the mature outer leaves of the rosette. Leave the rest of the plant to continue growing or cut tatsoi off at soil level to harvest the entire rosette
• Watch out for flea beetles - they are less likely to cause damage in the fall due to the weather becoming colder

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• Usually, you will find asparagus for sale as crowns (bare root plants). When starting asparagus’s from crowns, you can expect it to be about 3 years before your asparagus reaches the expected thickness you find at the store (when starting from seed, just add one more year)
• Asparagus is easy to grow, and once it is in place, should never be moved, so when you plant it outdoors, make sure it’s a forever home with decent drainage. Asparagus can last up to 20 years, so make sure you can easily access the site!
• Asparagus is very easy to start from seeds, you just have to have some patience!
• Soak the seeds for several hours
• Plant your seeds 1/2” deep in either individual pots or a seed tray
• Soil temperature needs to be between 70-85 degrees Fahrenheit, so either start them indoors or wait until your soil warms up if you’re going to plant them outdoors
• Sprouts can take 2-8 weeks to appear (so be extra patient and keep the soil moist, but not overly saturated)
• If transplanting, wait until the seedlings are 10-12 weeks old and there is no danger of frost
• Placement depends on your eventual desired thickness of the baby shoots
• For thin spears, plant 8-10 inches apart
• For thick spears, plant 12-14 inches apart
• **Side note - Asparagus repels nematodes that attack tomato plants, and tomatoes repel the asparagus beetle - consider keeping these near each other (but avoid planting tomatoes in the same bed/area year after year)**
• Asparagus comes in male and female plants (dioecious). These plants need to “mate” to help with root development that will lead to larger spears. For the first 3-4 years, you will watch the asparagus grow tiny little sprouts, that will then “fern”. Once this occurs, the stem becomes very woody. The ferns will get large and fluffy and start to lean on each other. This is when the mating occurs. Leave the plant alone until the fern turns brown/yellow and dries out, then cut it to the soil level
• In winter, areas with milder winters don’t need to do anything further. In colder areas, it’s a good idea to mulch your asparagus bed. It will slow down your sprouts showing in the spring, but it will add nutrients and protect the crowns, so the benefits outweigh the cost
• Upkeep on asparagus is very low once it is established. Check your shoots as they come up, as this will tell you when your asparagus is ready to harvest. Once the shoots are the desired thickness, cut when they are about 8-10 inches tall. You will need to watch your plants to see how fast the shoots are coming up. Something that is too short to harvest in the morning may actually be too large to harvest by noon. When the top of the shoot starts to separate from the spear, it is usually too late and the stem will be too woody

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• Hollyhocks are beautiful flowers and can be started now or in the spring (starting now will usually cause the plant to make flowers its first growing season)
• Starting your plants in the fall
• If your area is experiencing temperatures under 60 degrees Fahrenheit, you can sow your hollyhock seeds directly in the ground (if your area is still having warmer temperatures, please wait a few weeks)
• Sow the seeds in an area with good lighting. Hollyhock is a tall flower, and doesn’t transplant very well, so try to place it along a fence line or in an area where it will not be disturbed for the winter
• Ensure the area has good amendments and compost
• Soak hollyhock seeds for 12 hours in 60-70 degree water
• Lightly cover seeds with soil (to prevent them from being eaten by birds) - hollyhock needs light to germinate
• Hollyhock will germinate in the spring and, because of the cold, may flower in it’s first year
• Starting your plants in spring
• If you decide to wait until spring, you can directly sow outdoors or start indoors
• Outdoors, the temperature needs to be around 60-65 degrees for germination
• Indoors, start hollyhock about 9 weeks before the last predicted frost date. Be sure to use individual pots, and peat/biodegradable pots are better, as hollyhock can develop a long taproot
• When starting hollyhock in the spring, it will very likely not flower the first year, unless you force it (we don’t recommend this)
• When transplanting outdoors, be sure to play them in a sunny location with fertile soil
• Plant maintenance
• Keep the young plants moist. After a few weeks, when their roots are established, the hollyhock plants will need little care
• If blooms develop the first growing season, the stalks may need to be staked to prevent them from falling over under the weight of the plant's full, heavy flowers
• Hollyhock will cross pollinate, so if you save seeds year to year, your flowers will change! To prevent cross pollination you can plant one type of hollyhock at a time
• When saving the seeds, allow the flower to die and the pods to form. You can pluck the pod and allow it to dry out, then break open the pod and harvest your seeds

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• Beets are a great cool weather crop (they don't like heat), so the further south you live, the sooner you need to plant them! In more northern areas, do not plant until your soil has reached about 40ºF
• Beets should be planted 2-3 weeks after the last frost
• Use a well-draining, deep soil. Sandy, soft soil is best
• Amend the soil with organic matter and a balanced fertilizer prior to sowing
• Check soil pH - root vegetables do best in more alkaline soil - add calcium or garden lime to acidic soil
• Plant the seeds between ¼ - ½" deep and 1-2" apart
• Once sprouted, thin the seedling to 3" apart in rows spaced 12-18" apart
• Seeds germinate between 55-75ºF in 7-14 days - for a continuous supply, plant new beets every 3 weeks
• Keep beets in partial shade to keep them cooler - don’t plant them where they might run into tree roots
• Beets need several weeks of cool weather and don’t like temps over 80ºF - this will cause the plants to bolt (flower and go to seed)
• Avoid any water or fertilizer stress which affects the root growth (consistent watering is key)
• Fertilize with a nitrogen-based fertilizer once sprouts have emerged and weed as needed
• Harvest beets 7 - 8 weeks after planting
• When the beets have reached the desired size, gently dig them up from the soil
• Beet greens can be harvested as well - while the beet is young and the root is small

IMPORTANT: Hyacinth Bulbs can cause itching and skin irritation (they contain oxalic acid) - this is only caused by handling the bulbs for an extended period of time - handle bulbs as little as possible!

Hyacinths can be grown indoors or outside, depending on when you would like to see flowers!

Planting indoors/Using a Hyacinth Glass

• Place your hyacinth bulbs in the fridge for 5-6 weeks - keep them away from produce
• If you want to skip the fridge and it is still cold outside, leave your bulbs in the garage instead
• A side note - chilling is important for flower development, if you skip the chilling period, your flowers may be stunted or not grow at all
• Once your chill period has ended, fill your glass with water to just below the top cup where the bulb sits
• Make sure to place the bulb pointy end up, and that the base is just barely touching the water
• For initial growth, keep your bulb out of direct sunlight and change the water every few days during initial root development - once the roots are hanging down into the water, you won’t need the water to be touching the bulb (they don’t like wet “feet”)
• Once the shoots are 3-5” tall, place the glass in a bright window
• After the bloom has started, you can move the bulb out of direct sunlight to prolong the flowers
• Forced bulbs are often discarded into the compost bin, however you can potentially get use from them in the garden if you care for them. Trim the flower head and move to a regular pot of soil with fertilizer until the foliage turns yellow and dies back. Then you can plant the bulbs deep in the ground (follow the below instructions for outdoor planting) - it may be a few years before your forced bulbs have the energy to bloom again

Planting Hyacinth bulbs outdoors

• Hyacinths can survive most winters in the US. If you live very far north, you’ll need to plant them deeper and offer some winter protection, and if you live further south, you may need to dig up your bulbs and chill your bulbs in the fridge over the winter
• Hyacinths are early bloomers, so plant them as soon as possible!
• Add compost to soil prior to planting
• Plant bulbs 7-8 inches deep (they may still need staking once they bloom as hyacinths can be top heavy)
• Be sure to put the pointy end up - if you plant a bulb upside down, it will right itself, but this taxes root resources and slows down growing time
• Water thoroughly after planting to settle soil
• Hyacinths may not bloom the first year if planted outdoors without enough chill hours
• Remove flower stalk after flowers are spent
• Leave foliage until it turns yellow
• Every few years, you will need to dig up your bulbs and separate the babies (off shoots) from the main bulb
• When replanting baby bulbs, make sure to space the bulbs about 6 inches apart

• When to plant - Late fall when the soil is cool (around 65º or less) - seeds need a cold period (stratification), or if you don’t want to wait, put seeds in moist (not damp) potting soil in a bag and put in the vegetable crisper drawer of the fridge for 2-3 weeks
• Snapdragons can also be grown indoors but need well regulated temperatures between 60-70º
• How to plant - Since they need light to germinate, snapdragon seeds are best scattered over an area and lightly pressed into the soil. If planting in late fall for a spring showing, add compost or fall leaves over the area and keep the area watered through winter (1x/week unless there is rain).
• Since snapdragon seeds are very small, they are easily mixed with wildflower mixes and broadcasted over your growing area.
• If you do want to place individual seeds, or transplant seedlings, make sure that they are 6-12” apart in a well-draining area. It’s a good idea to have drip irrigation in place for snapdragons, as they can be vulnerable to rust, rot, and mildew, all which can occur if there is not proper spacing for airflow between plants, watering from overhead, overwatering, and lack of evaporation (ie, watering at night).
• If you do notice any signs of disease, it is best to remove this to prevent spreading the disease to other plants. Depending on severity, this could be a few leaves, up to the entire plant (it’s also NOT recommended to compost any diseased plant parts that you have, as these fungi can remain in soil for years to spread to other plants - instead, burn or throw them in the regular garbage).
• Once you see sprouts, wait until the plants have 6 leaves before pinching the tip of the stem - this will encourage a bushier plant and more flowers. Also, once flowers start to show, it’s always a good practice to remove dead flower heads (aka dead-heading) to encourage more blooms.
• Snapdragons do well as a year-round plant if kept in shade for summer and brought inside for winter (we had snapdragon blooms all year because they were kept next to a heater in the shed).
• If growing snapdragons in a container, just be mindful of spacing (you can only fit so many in a pot) and watering, as potted plants can dry out more quickly.
• Snapdragons do not require fertilization, but adding a bloom promoting fertilizer (one with a higher Phosphorous amount) will promote blooming. Nitrogen is good for initially growing a plant, but if added later can cause the plant to grow more foliage than blooms.

• Kale can be started in any weather, though it does best between 20-80ºF. Below 20ºF, it will die, and above 80ºF, it will turn bitter and tough.
• Seeds can be planted directly or indoors, about 1/4” deep, but sprout best in acidic soil at temperatures around 70ºF. Once the seedlings are a few weeks old, thin to 8-12” apart.
• If planting in fall, put your seeds in full sun, but if planting in spring or summer, go for partial shade. Keep kale well watered to make sure the leaves stay sweet.
• Your kale will be ready to harvest when the leaves are about the size of your hand. Only pick about a handful of leaves with each harvest, and avoid picking the bud that’s at the top center of the plant/stem, as this will keep the plant producing.
• Extend your harvest with row covers and mulch. As your kale gets older, the stem gets longer and can “wander” out of its row. If your kale plant gets too large, consider pulling the plant.
• If you’re wanting to harvest seeds, kale is a biennial, meaning it takes two years for the plant to go to seed. You would be better off planting in a container that you can move it if there is a hard freeze.
• Kale can be eaten raw or cooked, but the small, tender leaves are the best for raw. Be sure to thoroughly clean your kale. Insects can get caught in the crinkles of the leaves.

• Kohlrabi is a brassica, like cabbage, broccoli, or cauliflower. Purple varieties tend to be more insect resistant.
• Kohlrabi should be planted in full sun, close to other roots, like potatoes, beets, onions, and away from pole beans, tomatoes, and strawberries.
• Kohlrabi are big drinkers and feeders, which means they'll need a good amount of water and fertile soil. Kohlrabi does better in acidic soil with good drainage.
• Because kohlrabi is a “root” vegetable, it is usually better to plant them directly in your garden, but like cabbage, they need temperatures around 65ºF to germinate.
• If starting them indoors, transplant the same way you would cabbage. Weed carefully and often, as kohlrabi can be choked by weeds early on. Wait until the seedlings are about 6” tall to thin.
• Space them 8” apart and add compost. You’ll want to have compost all around, but especially at the base of the seedlings to help support the above ground bulb.
• Kohlrabi need lots of water, but keep the watering to the base to decrease the possibility of rot. If your plants are not kept well watered, the bulbs can become woody.
• To help with some pest and disease problems, you can make a barrier around your small plants. Cardboard or foil is a good barrier, and needs to be buried into the top inch of soil. This is really only needed for when the seedlings are under 6-8”.
• After the plants are larger, you can “collar” or tie up the leaves to keep them up off the ground and prevent more pests and rot. If any plants do show signs of rot or other diseases, remove the entire plant to prevent spread.
• Kohlrabi are ready to harvest when they are of a usable size, usually that of a tennis ball (2-3”), which is between 45-60 days. You will pull the entire plant up for harvest.
• You can cook or eat kohlrabi raw. The entire stalk, leaves, and globe are all edible!

• When to plant - Planting in late summer for fall harvest, or very early spring for spring harvest
• Root vegetables typically do NOT transplant well, so it is recommended to start them in place to avoid root damage.
• Work your soil VERY well - remove all clumps and rocks to ensure proper vegetable development.
• Spread your seeds, usually placing them no closer than 6-12” apart, and plant them 1/4-1/2” deep.
• Once the plants are about 2-4” tall, thin your plants to 12” apart - cut the leaves off at the soil, rather than pulling the plant, so as not to disturb neighboring roots! If you’re only growing them for greens, there is no need to thin them! Once they are thinned, add mulch to help insulate the roots.
• Use a fertilizer that is higher in potassium to help regenerate the soil - root vegetables don’t need a lot of fertilizer, but they can feed on soil nutrients fairly heavily during development.
• Even-watering is crucial for proper root development. Your vegetables will need 1” of water each week, and will do better with more alkaline soil.
• Vegetable greens are edible, and can be harvest when they are large enough to use - only harvest a few leaves from the plant to allow it to continue root development.
• Once your root is large enough to use, you can harvest it. Just check the top edge of the bulbous root for its approximate size. To harvest, you can usually just pull it straight up and out of the soil, but some prefer to gently dig up the roots - make sure not to damage them if using tools as they will go bad more quickly.
• If your root vegetables get too large, they can be tough, younger vegetables tend to be sweeter. Be sure to harvest everything before the first frost, as this can damage the roots.
• Also, do not allow your plants to bolt (go to seed) as this will make the vegetables taste bitter - this isn’t often an issue in the fall, but can be in the spring if the weather gets warm quickly.
• If storing your vegetables, keep them in a cool place and DO NOT wash them until ready to use.